The term “alexia” refers to a partial or total loss of reading ability. Although there are many distinct varieties of alexia, they are all characterized by the inability of the affected person to read normally, making reading difficult or impossible and impairing comprehension. Although other neurological conditions can potentially result in acquired alexia, strokes are the most frequent cause of the condition. Lesions that split off the dominant, language-related temporoparietal cortices from both visual association cortices are linked to alexia. Attempts to improve entire word recognition and letter-by-letter reading speed and accuracy are part of the treatment for alexia.

One type of alexia that is included in “the peripheral dyslexia” group is pure alexia, often referred to as agnosic alexia, alexia without agraphia, or pure word blindness. People with pure alexia often have intact language-related skills such as naming, oral repetition, auditory understanding, and writing, but they struggle greatly with reading.

“Alexia without agraphia,” “letter-by-letter dyslexia,” “spelling dyslexia,” “word-form dyslexia,” and “spelling dyslexia” are some other names for pure alexia. After Joseph Jules Dejerine, who first characterized it in 1892, it is sometimes known as “Dejerine syndrome”. Despite having the same eponym, medial medullary syndrome should not be mistaken with this condition.

Unlike developmental dyslexia, which is seen in kids who struggle with reading, pure alexia is caused by cerebral lesions in specific brain regions, making it a type of acquired reading disability.

An infarct to the left posterior cerebral artery—which supplies blood to the left visual cortex and the splenium of the corpus callosum, among other areas—occurs in almost all cases of pure alexia. Pure alexia will be the ensuing deficit; that is, the patient will be able to write but not read (even what they have just written). Nevertheless, people with pure alexia are able to understand words when they are spoken aloud to them because pure alexia affects visual information rather than auditory input.

This is because the splenium of the corpus callosum has been damaged, resulting in only the right visual cortex (occipital lobe) being able to process visual information. However, due to this damage, the right visual cortex is unable to transmit this information to the language areas (Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, etc.) in the left brain.

Few therapies have shown to be widely successful in helping patients with pure alexia, despite the fact that there have been many attempts to do so. The majority of rehabilitation procedures have been tailored to one or a limited number of patients. The simplest task for people undergoing rehabilitation is to continually practice reading words aloud. This is intended to stimulate the brain’s damaged system. This type of treatment is called multiple oral rereading, or MOR. The purpose of this text-based strategy is to keep patients from reading LBL.

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